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, CT was fungistatic without fungicidal activity in the concentration tested on Candida albicans. CT (MIC: 0.256%) presented synergism with fluconazole (FICI: 0.046) and showed only 4% killing of HeLa cells, 2010.
, CT showed antifungal activity on Aspergillus ochraceus (IR: 83.7%), Aspergillus flavus (IR: 90%) and Aspergillus niger (IR: 81.1%) in an air with 56 x 10-3 mg/ml concentration, 2012.
, MIC: 8 to 1024 µg/ml) and inhibited 50% of the strains tested to 64 µg/ml. In the presence of sorbitol, citronellol had an increased MIC for 4096 µg/ml. Antifungal Gonzalez-Audino et al., 2011 CT caused knockdown and mortality in permethrin-resistant adult head lice, CT presented antifungal activity on Trichophyton rubrum, 2015.
, 2016 (±)-CT reduced cell degranulation of mast cells in all concentrations tested (1 mM: 54.6%) without change cell viability after 24h of incubation. (-)-CT (0.5mM) inhibited degranulation by 69, CT presented 100% of repellent activity about Culex pipiens and LC 50 = 28.8-33.6 mg/l. Repellent Semmler, 2006.
, CT presented strong anti-inflammatory effect with IC 50 < 0.00625%. Anti-inflammatory, 2003.
, CT inhibited the production of NO in all concentrations. Treatment with (±)-CT had no effect on cell viability by MTT up to 500µM. (±)-CT (5 µM) presented reduction in the production of PGE 2. (±)-CT inhibited LPS-induced COX2 protein expression in aldose-dependent manner and suppressed the PGE2 production. (±)-CT (500 µM) reduced NF?B p65 levels, 2010.
,
, CT (IC 50 = 2.9±0.3 µg/ml) inhibited ileum contraction induced by KCl in concentration dependent manner. The first and second contractions induced by EFS and Ach also were inhibited by CT, 2013.
, CT reduced cholesterol plasma levels in animals subjected to high fat diet without changing the level of the liver enzymes alanine transaminase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase, 2015.
, Anti-cholesterol
, CT reduced significantly nociceptive behavior in acetic acid and formalin tests at all doses tested. The two higher doses of citronellol increased the time of latency on the hot plate at all evaluation times. Naloxone reversed the antinociceptive effect of citronellol in the hot plate test. CT reduced the number of total leukocytes, neutrophils and TNF-?, 2012.
, CT reduced nociceptive orofacial behavior in the second phase of the formalin test, and in capsaicin and glutamate tests in all doses tested. Besides that, CT activated expression of Fos protein in the olfactory bulb, 2013.
, 2015 (S)-(-)-?-Citronellol reduced hyperalgesia induced by CG and TNF-?, in all doses tested, between 30 and 180 min after induction. However, in the mechanical hyperalgesia induced by PGE 2 and DA, citronellol reduced the hyperalgesia only at the time points of 120 and 180 min after induction. CT (100 mg/kg, i.p) reduced Fos expression in spinal cord of mice after injection of CG
,
, CT significantly increased the response rate during the alarm period in the Geller conflict test (600 mg/kg), and the number of electric shocks the mice received in the Vogel conflict test, 2002.
, Anti-anxiety
, 2006 (+)-CT reduced the time of latency of the first post-injection convulsion induced by pentylenetetrazol (in all doses studied) or picrotoxin (200 and 400 mg/kg). The higher dose of CT reduced the percentage of tonic convulsion induced by electroconvulsive shock or pentylenetetrazol. CT (3.2-6.4 mM) depressed the compound action potential in sciatic nerves of rats
, AGE: Advanced glycation end products; BV: Bilateral vagotomy; CFU: Colony-forming units; CG: Carrageenan; CT: Citronellol; DA: Dopamine; EFS: Electrical field stimulation; EVA: Poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate) copolymer; FICI: Fractional inhibitory concentration indices, Anticonvulsant ACh: Acetylcholine
, Glycated haemoglobin; HR: Heart rate; i.c: Intracardiac; IC 50 : The half maximal inhibitory concentration
, I?B?: Inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa B, alpha; LPS: Lipopolysaccharide; MAP: Mean arterial pressure; MBC: Minimal bactericidal concentration; MFC: Minimal fungicidal concentration; MIC: Minimal inhibitory concentration; MTT: 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide
, Prostaglandin E 2 ; p.o: Oral; SOD: Superoxide dismutase; STZ: Streptozotocin; TNF-?: Tumor necrosis factor-?; TRPA1: Transient receptor potential ankyrin-1; TRPV1: Transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1; (+): R or rectus or right, PGE, vol.2